
The human brain, with its 86 billion neurons and trillions of connections, is a marvel of energy efficiency, operating on just 20 watts of power—comparable to a light bulb. Swiss innovators at Final Spark are taking inspiration from this biological brilliance to pioneer a revolutionary field called wetware, which blends biology and technology by replacing traditional silicon chips with lab-grown neurons.
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The Rise of Wetware: Transforming Stem Cells into Neurons
Wetware begins with stem cells. At Final Spark, scientists transform skin cells into neurons, which are then cultivated in an orbital shaker. In just three months, these cells develop into mini-brains (organoids)—tiny, functioning brain tissues measuring 0.5 mm and containing approximately 10,000 neurons.
Using a multi-electrode array, researchers stimulate these neurons with microcurrents, observing how they respond in real-time. This process mimics the brain’s natural mechanisms for learning, processing information, and making decisions—all while consuming minimal energy.
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Training the Brain: How Organoids Learn
Like artificial neural networks (ANNs), organoids require training to process information effectively. However, instead of algorithms, organoids rely on a combination of electrical stimulation and chemical reinforcement.
The Role of Dopamine in Training
Researchers use dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked to motivation and reward, to encourage learning. Dopamine is encapsulated in molecular cages that release the chemical when exposed to UV light. When the organoids perform desired tasks, the dopamine reinforces neural pathways, promoting learning and adaptability.
Organoids begin with basic operations, such as storing information and performing logical functions like “AND” and “OR.” Over time, they can scale to more complex tasks like image recognition, decision-making, and enhancing neuroplasticity—a key factor in strengthening neural pathways.
Expanding the Potential of Biocomputing
Currently, these neural clusters are only 5 mm wide. However, researchers aim to grow them to 5–10 cm, a challenge requiring the development of artificial blood vessels to deliver nutrients and oxygen. Fred Jordan, a leading figure at Final Spark, envisions future floating neurospheres powering massive biocomputing centers.
“It may sound like science fiction,” says Jordan, “but so did many of today’s technologies.”
AI vs. NI: Bridging the Divide
The distinction between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Intelligence (NI), or human cognition, is blurring as biocomputing advances. While AI relies on algorithms and datasets, NI is shaped by lived experiences, emotions, and social connections.
Biocomputing organoids merge these two worlds, mimicking brain functions like learning and decision-making. This intersection offers immense potential for efficiency and innovation while raising ethical questions about preserving what makes us uniquely human.
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The Future of Biocomputing
Fred Jordan envisions a future where biocomputing centers rival today’s cloud-computing hubs, delivering unparalleled adaptability and sustainability. This technology could revolutionize AI, medicine, and sustainability by harnessing the principles of life itself.
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As biocomputing continues to evolve, it challenges us to rethink intelligence, sustainability, and the role of technology in our lives. What lies ahead may not just redefine AI but also how we understand and interact with the essence of intelligence itself.